South Africa’s energy sector is still the most carbon-intensive among G20 countries, a recent report has found.
The Climate Transparency Report 2022, released on Thursday, provides a country-specific analysis of the emissions and efforts to address climate change. The research draws on the expertise and assessments from 16 partner organisations across the G20 countries. It is based on data up until 2021.
The report shows that South Africa’s per capita emissions (that is, the average emissions for a person) are 1.2 times greater than the G20 average of 7.5. This down only slightly from 9.1 recorded last year.
Most of South Africa’s carbon emissions (47%) are attributed to the power or electricity generation sector – this is also true for the G20.
Globally in 2021, about 40% of energy-related carbon emissions globally could be attributed to the power sector. Energy-related emissions dropped slightly during 2020 – the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic. But there was a rebound in energy emissions in 2021 as economies and industries reopened.
South Africa’s energy sector is dominated by fossil fuels (which account for 92% of the energy mix).
Similar to last year’s findings, South Africa’s carbon intensity – a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide emitted per unit of energy that is supplied – is the highest in the G20. “For each kWh of electricity, 866.5g of CO2 is emitted in South Africa,” the report read.
This is largely linked to the high share of coal in the country’s energy mix, the report read. About 87% of South Africa’s electricity was produced from coal in 2021 – which is why the country was the G20’s most emissions-intensive power sector.
But the emissions intensity is declining as renewable generation capacity in the energy mix increases. The share of renewables in the energy mix ticked up slightly from 7.6% to 9.2% in 2021. Nevertheless, renewables still play a small role in the energy mix.
Energy crisis
The report also noted that the climate crisis and extreme weather events, such as heatwaves in Europe, and floods in Pakistan, were eclipsed by the energy crisis resulting from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The energy supply crisis has spiked prices for oil and gas and has had ripple effects on the prices of food and fertilisers.
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At the virtual launch of the report, Mariana Gutierrez, a coordinator of the Climate Transparency secretariat, shared that the response of some G20 nations to the energy crisis has negative implications. The short-term solutions to guarantee supply, which involves the continued use of fossil fuels like coal – risks a significant dependence on fossil fuels going forward.
Earlier this year, Germany and other European countries reverted to using coal-fired power stations, given Russia’s decision to constrain gas supplies. Britain meanwhile lifted a ban on fracking for shale gas. Fracking has harmful environmental, safety and health impacts.
The G20 energy mix is dominated by fossil fuels but the deployment of renewables should increase.SuppliedClimate Transparency Report, 2022
On the flipside, renewables have become much cheaper – and are more cost-competitive than even the lowest-cost fossil fuel alternative, said Gutierrez. “Almost two-thirds of newly added renewables in the G20 had lower costs than even the cheapest coal-fired plant,” the report read.
In 2019, emissions from the energy sector accounted for 76% of all greenhouse gas emissions of the G20 – most of which were carbon dioxide emissions. The increased deployment of renewables and phasing out of fossil fuels will therefore be key in decarbonising the energy sector, explained Gutierrez.
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At the Standard Bank climate summit this week, Forestry, Fisheries and Environment Minister Barbara Creecy shared that in her engagements with developed countries on their response to the energy crisis, the reopening of coal-fired stations is only a short-term intervention.
“Very interestingly, they were saying, given their reliance on Russian gas, they will be accelerating beyond gas as a transition fuel, and they will be looking at green hydrogen as their new transition fuel.”
The decarbonisation of the energy sector through renewables is critical in reducing emissions from the power, transport, industry, and buildings sectors. The report indicated that while the rollout of renewables is expected to increase, it is unclear whether they will be deployed fast enough.
